Cardiovascular disease

What is cardiovascular disease?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. It is an umbrella term that encompasses diseases affecting the circulatory system, including the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. Some major types of CVD include:

• Coronary artery disease: Plaque buildup inside the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This can lead to angina or heart attack.


• Cerebrovascular disease: Conditions affecting blood flow to the brain, including stroke.


• Peripheral artery disease: Narrowed blood vessels leading to problems in the arms, legs, stomach and kidneys.

Some key risk factors for developing CVD include:

• High blood pressure


• High LDL cholesterol


• Smoking


• Diabetes


• Obesity


• Physical inactivity


• Unhealthy diet

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Early signs and symptoms of CVD vary depending on the type, but may include:

• Chest pain, tightness or discomfort


• Shortness of breath


• Pain in the arms, legs, stomach, back or neck


• Lightheadedness or dizziness


• Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)


• Swelling in the feet, legs, stomach or veins

CVD diagnosis often involves:

• Medical and family history review


• Physical exam


• Blood tests


• Electrocardiogram (EKG)


• Stress testing


• Cardiac catheterization


• CT scans


• Echocardiograms

Cardiovascular disease is very common, affecting approximately 655 million people globally. In the U.S., it accounts for 1 in every 4 deaths, making it the 1 cause of mortality.

The good news? Many CVD types can be prevented or managed through lifestyle changes like:

• Quitting smoking


• Following a heart-healthy diet


• Getting regular physical activity


• Losing excess weight


• Managing conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure

Small positive choices to improve circulation and overall health can go a long way. Consult your doctor to understand your personal risk factors and prevention plan.